English Grammar : AUXILIARIES OR HELPING VERBS

AUXILIARIES OR HELPING VERBS

एकूण 24 helping verbs आहेत :-

 Am,is,are,was,were,do,does,did,shall,will,have,has,had,
Should,would,may,might,must,can,could,used to,ought to,dare
And need to.
सहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाचे प्रकार
(types of helping verbs) :-
1.Primary helping verbs
2. Modal auxillary helping verbs

1.Primary helping verbs :-
To be – am,is,are,was,were
To do- do,does,did
To have- have,has,had

 To be as principal verbs :

1) denote height/weight/size.
E.g – I am 80 kilos. What is your weight?

2) To denote – date and time,
E.g – it is December 31: It is 7 O’clock.

3) To denote weather –
e.g. It is very hot today

4) To denote age –
e.g. I am 80. He is hundred years old

5) To denote physical or metal situation.
eg. I am angry. He was excited

6) To denote existence or profession.
e.g. He is a doctor. Iron is a metal.

7) To denote command or request.
e.g. Be bold. Be a good girl. Be quite.

 To be as auxiliary verb

1) To form tenses :
e.g. I am playing cricket.
(present continuous tense)

2) To form passive voice :
e.g. I am liked by all.
He is appointed chairman.

3) Am/is/are/was/were + infinitive – denotes plan,
e.g. I am to address a meeting.
She is to leave for Pune tomorrow.

4) Am/is/are/was/were + infinitive – to denote order or instruction or in the sense must or has to have to.
e.g. I am to stay here till he returns.
You are to see me in the office tomorrow.

5) was / were + infinitive – Action must take place in the past but whether it takes place in the past is not known exactly.
e.g. He was to arrive here.
She was to go to Delhi.

6) Verb to be + about + infinitive Denotes immediate plan in future.
e.g. I am about to sing.
She is about to dance.

 To Have – The form of have is have, has, had

1) In present tense, we use have with plural number.
eg. -I have, we have, you have, they have

2) The singular form of have is has In present tense it is used with. He has, she has, it has, Ram has

3) Had is used in past tense with all persons,
e.g.- had, we had, you had, he had, she had, it had, they had, Ram had.

4) We can use have, has, had, as principal verb as well as auxiliary verb.

 Have/has/had as principal verb

a) To denote possession.
e.g.- She has a new car.
He had a flat.

b) To denote relationship, illness, experience.
e.g. – She has a pleasant tour.
I have two sisters.

c) The verb have is used in progressive.
e.g. – I am having a bath.
They are having a grand show.

d) The verb have is used in the sense- eat, drink, take, enjoy etc,
e.g. – I have lunch at 3 pm.

e) Have been is used in the sense to go or to visit.
eg. She has been to Paris.

 Have/ has/ had as an auxiliary verb

a) Have/has is used to make present perfect tense-
e.g- I have seen the picture.
She has painted the picture.

b) Had is used to form past perfect tense-
e.g. – She had seen the picture.
They had played crickets.

c) By using have, future perfect tense is formed-
e.g. – They will have built the bridge.
I will have eaten a mango.

d) Had is used in the sense (if)-
e.g. Had I known it earlier, I would have told you.
Had I studied hard, I would have scored more.

e) Have to / has to + infinitive denotes obligation or the meaning of must – eg.- I have to study hard
He has to attend the meeting.

 Do, does, did

Form of do – Do, does, did, done, doing

a) Do is used with first person, second person and third person plural

b) Does is used with third person singular.

c) The past tense of do is did. It is used with all persons, first, second or third.

d) We can use do, does, did in principal verb as well as in auxiliary verb.
E.g. – he did not do it.

 Do/ does/ did – as a principal verb

a) Do/does / did is used in the sense perform
e.g. – He does it
They did it.

b) To form negative sentences.
e.g. – he does not write a letter.
I do not copy it.

c) To form questions.
e.g. – did he sing a song ?
do they do it ?

d) Do is used in the continuous form doing.
e.g. – she is doing her homework.
What are you doing ?

 Do does did as an auxiliary verb

a) To form negative sentence in simple present tense or simple past tense
e.g. – I do not write a letter.
They did not write a letter.

b) To form questions in simple present or simple past tense
e.g.- does he write a letter ?
did she sing a song ?

c) To emphasize.
e. g.- do come at my home.
Do attend the meeting

d) To form question tag
e.g.- I did not paint a picture, did I ?
He helped me, didn’t he ?

e) To verbal question.
e.g.- do you write ?

2. Modal auxiliary verbs

Shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, ought to, need to, dare to, can, could, used to

 Modals are never used to express statements or facts. The following are the main uses of modals
e.g To give advice
To seek or grant permission
To show ability To suggest possibility
To express obligation
To express necessity To express promise
To express determination.

1) Shall

a)Shall + first person denotes time future
e.g. I shall come.
We shall start.

b) After shall use the first form of verb without to
e.g. I shall do it.

c) In questions, shall is used before the subject
e.g. Shall I do it ?

d) In negative sentences use shall not
e.g. I shall not play cricket.

e) In interrogative sentence shall I, shall we denote offer, request or suggestion
e.g. Shall I lock the door ?
Shall we start our journey ?

f) Shall with second and third person denotes command, promise, threat, definite things
e.g. He shall kill you.
She shall be dismissed for her blunders.
You shall get your dues.

2) Should

a) is used with all the persons in the same form
e.g. He should do his duty.

b)Should is used in all the tenses
e.g. I should be perfectly calm and quiet.
You should read the book tomorrow.

c) After should, use the first form of the verb without to
e.g. He should read it.
I should complete my homework.

d) While making questions and negatives, don’t use do
eg. Should I start now ?
You should not waste your money.

e) We use should as the past tense of shall
e.g. I said, ‘I shall write a letter’
I said that I should write a letter

g) Should is used to denote duty or moral obligation
e.g. You should study hard.
You should be loyal to your parents.

h) Should is used in the sense advice
eg. You should join Study Circle to achieve success.

i) Should denotes unreal or imaginary conditions
eg. If I were you, I should not accept the proposal
If I were you, I should work very hard

i) Should + have + past participle denotes in completion of an action in the past
e.g. He should have read that book. (but he didn’t read it.)
If you had studied sincerely you should have scored more.

3) Will

a) is used in future tense,
e.g. I will play cricket tomorrow
She will go to market tomorrow

b) After will use the first form of a verb without to.
e.g. I will sing a song
I will help you.

c) In questions will is used before the subject.
e.g Will I understand the topic ?
Will he accept the offer ?

d) In negative sentences will not is used.
e.g. I will not do it.

e) With first person, will is used to denote promise, intention, willingness and threat.
eg I will teach you a lesson (threat)
I will certainly help you (promise)
I will do it without any hesitation (intention)

f) with second or third person denotes time in future.
e.g. He will attend the meeting.
You will start your work

j) Will you is used to denote polite request or Invitation.
eg. Will you shut the door ?
Will you have some more sugar in coffee?

h) Will with third person denotes any natural thing
eg. Accidents will take place.
Boys will be boys

i) denote probability, we can use will with all the persons.
eg The postman will come by 5 O’clock tomorrow.

4) Would

a) Would is the past tense of ‘will’ and is used as such in indirect speech
e.g. 1) The manager said, ” The office will be closed on Saturday The manager said that the office would be closed on Saturday,

b) Would expresses willingness or a rather perverse determination
e.g. The doctor said that he would visit the patient (willingness)
He said that he would try his level best to help him (willingness)

c) Would expresses a customary action in the past.
eg After dinner, the students would sit in the common room and chat for a while I would study from 12am to 5 am

d) Would and would like to express a wish
eg. I would like to go to the movie.
We would like to play hockey

e) Would rather expresses choice or preference
eg. She would rather die than marry him would rather read a novel than see that useless picture

f) Would is used for asking polite questions
eg. Would you, please call a taxi ?
Would you, please, read loudly?

g) Would is used in the main clause, when preceded or followed by a subordinate clause. Expressing an Impossible or improbable condition
eg. Were I the Prime Minister, I would try to establish friendly relations with China.
If I were a bird, would fly in the sky.

h) Would is used after wish
e.g. I wish I would know his address
I wish it would stop raining

i) To express polite requests –
eg Would you mind waiting for me?
Would you kindly speak in Marathi ?

j)Would is used with the verbs like and care
. e.g. Would you care to see that movie?
Would you like to meet the managers?

k) Would is used with adverbs rather and sooner.
e.g . I Would rather resign my job than submit to such a . humiliation
The man would sooner die

l) to express probability
e.g. That would be the policeman.
That would be my friend.

m) Expressing futurity in the past
eg. He wrote to say that he would be back on Tuesday

n) In order to suggest or advise, would is used to
e.g. I would like to suggest you that you would better choose Arts faculty
if I were you I would not compromise.

o) In order to express courtesy or polite behaviour, would used is
eg. My brother would be happy to oblige.
I would be delighted to see you at my home

p) Definite or indefinite action in the past can be expressed with the help of would
eg. Of course, we were sure that India would win the war
We hadn’t thought that she would take such a grave view of a situation.
q) To denote past habits
eg. As a child, i would gaze at the stars every night.
She would sit for hours listening to radio

r) If the action takes place in certain condition generally it does not so at that time. would is used
eg. The prices you quote are too much high if you could lower them we would buy your goods.

5) Can

a) Can is used to denote present tense
e.g. You can start your work now.

b) Use the first form of the verb after can
e.g. I can sing a song.
I can read it loudly.

c) We can’t use to after can
e.g. I can eat it.

d) While framing the questions with the help of can, we cannot use
e.g. Can you run fast?

e) While framing the negatives, with the help of can, use cannot as a one word. The word cannot must not be written separately-can not
e.g. I cannot sing a song.
He cannot speak English fluently.

f) Can is used to denote ability, power and capacity –
e.g. I can sing a song.
He can punish you.
Can you imagine ?

g) Cannot is used to denote absence of power and ability
e.g. I cannot walk fast.
She cannot play football

h) To get permission, sometimes can is used
e.g. Can I come in, Sir?
Can I speak loudly?

i) Cannot denotes prohibition
e.g. You cannot smoke in the class.
You cannot travel by bicycle in sunny days.

j) Can is used in the sense request
e.g. Can you help me?

k) Instead of can, we can use to be (am, is, are) + able to
e.g. I can speak English fluently.

l) Can is used to denote possibility
e.g. If can happen to anybody

m) Can is used in the sense order
e.g. When you have finished cooking, you can go at your home.

6) Could

a) Could is used as the past tense of can –
e.g. I could do it easily.

b)Sometimes could is used to denote present or future
e.g. She could be wrong.
Could I meet you tomorrow?

c) Could is used to denote possibility
e.g. That could be my bike.
That could be her cycle.

d) Could is used to denote permission
e.g. Could I use your pen ?
Could I attend the meeting ?

e) Could denotes more politeness in comparison with can – e.g. Could you show me the way to the stand?
Could you tell me the time ?

f) Could + infinitive is used to denote ability, power, capacity of a person e.g. When I was a boy, I could recite the Mahabharat.
When he was young, he could study 8 hours daily.

g) Could have + past participle has two meanings
1) Though one has ability, power or capacity, in the past, the work was not completed. e.g. You could have done it. (but you couldn’t)

2) This type of sentence denotes whether action is completed or not. e.g. My brother is not at home. He could have at hospital. (I do not know exactly whether he was at hospital or not)

h) Instead of could, we can write – was/were + able to
e.g.I could do it in no time.
I was able to do it in no time.

7) May

a) May is used in present as well as future tense
e.g. You may start your journey now.
He may get it tomorrow.

b) May is used with all the person.
e.g. I may sing a song
You may sing a song

c) After may use the first from of the verb
e.g. I may help you.
He may guide you.

d) While framing the question and negative, don’t use do
e.g. May I open the door ?
I may not help you.

e) May is used to ask permission
e.g. May I come in ?
May I use your bike ?

f) May is used to denote possibility or uncertainty.
e.g. He may be at home
He may complete a century

g) May is used to denote wish, blessings.
e.g. May god bless you!
May you live long!

8) Might

a) Might is the simple past tense of may
e.g. He said that he might help you.

b) Might is used in all the tenses
e.g. You might go home now.

c) After might, use the first form of the verb
e.g. I might help you.

d) In question, might is used before a subject.
e.g. Might I write a letter?

e) To form negative, might not is used
e.g. I might not do it.

f) Instead of may, might denote more politeness.
e.g. Might I ring you?

g) Might is used to denote possibility.
e.g. He might be late.

h) Might + infinitive denotes suggestion or request.
eg. You might talk a little slowly.

9) Must

a) After must, use the first form of the verb.
e.g. I must help him.
You must study hard.

b) Must is used in present and future tense.
e.g. I must start now.
I must see him tomorrow.

c)You cannot use ‘ing’ form of a verb after must.
e.g. You must reading it. (wrong)
You must read it. (right)

d) Past tense of must is not in existence. Instead of must, in the
past tense, we use – had to.
e.g. He said, “You must go to school”.

e) Must is used to denote duty or obligation.
e.g. I must help my brother.
She must study hard.

f) Must is used to denote strong advice or order.
e.g. You must stand in a queue.

g) Must is used to denote compulsion.
e.g. These are the days of examination.

h) must is used to denote necessity.
e.g. she must finish the work today.

i) Must have + past participle is used to denote guess in the past.
e.g. I must have lost my book at her home.